Would anyone be willing to assist with three epi questions?
1. State the main features of case control and cohort studies: Compare and contrast.
The epidemiological studies are divided into two broad categories: Observational and experimental studies.
Observational studies are sometimes called a natural experiment. We the researchers only observe the natural development of the studies without any manipulation of the independent variables. Whereas in experimental studies the researchers can manipulate the variables.
Observational studies are again divided into descriptive (such as case report, case series, cross sectional or ecological studies) and analytical (such as case control and cohort studies).
1. State the main differences between observational and experimental studies
Which type of epidemiological study is being described in each of the following scenarios? Classifications of each study are below.
1. A study that examines the death rates from colon cancer in each of the 50 U.S. states in relation to the average percentage of residents in each state undergoing colonoscopy screening
2. A study that compares the prevalence of back pain among current members of the automobile manufacturing union with that of current members of the bakers and confectionary union
3. A study that evaluates the relationship between breast cancer and a woman’s history of breastfeeding. The investigator selects women with breast cancer and an age-matched sample of women who live in the same neighborhoods as the women with breast cancer. Study subjects are interviewed to determine whether they breastfed any of their children.
4. A study that evaluates two treatments for breast cancer. Women with stage 1 breast cancer are randomized to receive either cryotherapy (a new treatment involving extreme cold to kill cancer cells) or traditional lumpectomy. Women are followed for 5 years to determine whether there are any differences in breast cancer recurrence and survival.
5. A study that began in 2010 of the relationship between exposure to chest irradiation and subsequent risk of breast cancer. In this study, women who received radiation therapy for postpartum mastitis (an inflammation of the breast that occurs after giving birth) in the 1950s were compared with women who received a nonradiation therapy for postpartum mastitis in the 1950s. The women were followed for 60 years to determine the incidence rates of breast cancer in each group.
Type of studies
Experimental
Studies preventions and treatments for diseases; investigator actively manipulates which groups receive the agent under study.
Observational
Studies causes, preventions, and treatments for diseases; investigator passively observes as nature takes its course.
Cohort
Typically examines multiple health effects of an exposure; subjects are defined according to their exposure levels and followed for disease occurrence.
Case–control
Typically examines multiple exposures in relation to a disease; subjects are defined as cases and controls, and exposure histories are compared.
Cross-sectional
Typically examines the relationship between exposure and disease prevalence in a defined population at a single point in time
Ecological
Examines the relationship between exposure and disease with population-level rather than individual-level data
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