Everything you are going to need is in the attachment with all the instructions and don’t forget to do as it asks. Three page
Topic “Mental Retardation”.
Running Head: THE DIAGNOSIS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER 1
The delay in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder
Chamberlain College of Nursing
NR 326: Mental Health
00/ 2018
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BIPOLAR DISORDER
2
Introduction
Bipolar disorder has a significant cause to morbidity and mortality rate. Although we
have an active treatment, there is an extensive wait before diagnosis and treatment are initiated.
This research was done to examine factors associated with the delay of bipolar disorder before
the diagnosis and the onset of treatment. Bipolar disorder is also called manic depression. This
disorder is characterized with the events of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic
highs. The history of bipolar disorder presents with depression, so initial episodes look very
similar to a major depressive disorder. Therefore, there is often a prolonged delay in the exact
diagnosis of bipolar disorder, and any significant wait influence the initiation of appropriate
treatment. This paper investigates whether the delay in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder is
inescapable. This means is the delay in diagnosing bipolar disorder unavoidable or unpreventable
(Fritz et al, 2017).
Article summary
Bipolar disorder frequently beings with an early diagnosis of depression. This creates a
delay in the exact judgement and treatment of bipolar disorder. Although research has focused on
predictors in the analytic change from the depression stage to bipolar disorder. The research on
this prolonged diagnosis is scant. These researchers examine the time it took to diagnose one
with bipolar disorder after an early diagnosis of major depressive disorder to understand the
patient features and psychological factors that may explain the delay. However, when manic
signs are evident, the diagnosis changes to be bipolar disorder. Research shows that the time
from diagnosing a major depressive disorder to the time of diagnosing bipolar disorder is about
10 years. This means before the optimal treatment for bipolar disorder can be made, there might
be a delay in treatment for almost a decade. This is one of many reasons why it is important to
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BIPOLAR DISORDER
3
investigate the cause, and the delay from the diagnosis of major depressive disorder to time of
bipolar disorder (Fritz et al., 2017).
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Screening for autism spectrum disorder in children with Down syndrome: An
evaluation of the Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Mental Retardation Scale
Vincent Pandolfia, Caroline I. Magyarb and Charles A. Dillc
aPsychology Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA; bDepartment of Paediatrics, Division of Neurodevelopmental
and Behavioural Paediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; cPsychology Department, Hofstra
University, Hempstead, NY, USA
ABSTRACT
Background Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). They
are often diagnosed later than other children in part due to difficulty differentiating ASD-related
impairment from that associated with DS. The psychometric properties of the Pervasive
Developmental Disorder in Mental Retardation Scale (PDD-MRS) were examined with the aim of
informing ASD screening guidelines for children with DS.
Method Analysis of archival data from children aged 3 to 15 years with DS (N = 386) evaluated the
reliability and validity of the PDD-MRS.
Results Factor analyses yielded 2 factor-based scales: ASD and Emotional and Behavioural Problems.
ASD reliably assessed ASD-specific symptoms, correlated with other ASD measures, and
demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy. Emotional and Behavioural Problems assessed problems
not diagnostic of ASD but may reflect part of the behavioural phenotype of DS and ASD.
Conclusion The PDD-MRS appears to have utility in ASD screening for this population.
KEYWORDS
autism; ASD; Down
syndrome; PDD-MRS;
assessment
Introduction
Research suggests the prevalence of autism spectrum dis-
order (ASD) in children with Down syndrome (DS) may
be higher than that observed in the general population.
Estimates range from 5% to 39% (for a review, see
Moss & Howlin, 2009; Reilly, 2009); many children
with DS are diagnosed at a later age relative to other chil-
dren and some may not be identified at all (e.g., Howlin,
Wing, & Gould, 1995; Rasmussen, Börjesson, Wentz, &
Gillberg, 2001). This situation is concerning, particularly
as research indicates that children with DS and co-occur-
ring ASD have lower cognitive, language, and adaptive
levels, and have more behaviour problems than children
with DS only (e.g., Magyar, Pandolfi, & Dill, 2012; Mol-
loy et al., 2009), suggesting that the co-occurrence of
ASD conveys additional morbidity. If not identified
with a co-occurring ASD, then the child is unlikely to
receive ASD-specific treatment.
Although the exact reasons for the late or lack of ASD
diagnosis is unknown, it has been speculated that the sig-
nificant delays and impairments seen in children with DS
in the areas of communication and behaviour are attrib-
uted to the child’s level of intellectual disability (ID) and
associated speech and language impairments. These pro-
blems are not viewed as symptomatic of a co-occurring
ASD, a phenomenon called diagnostic oversh
NR326 Mental Health Nursing
RUA: Scholarly Article Review Guidelines
NR326 RUA Scholarly Article Review Guideline 1
Purpose
The student will review, summarize, and critique a scholarly article related to a mental health topic.
Course outcomes: This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
(CO 4) Utilize critical thinking skills in clinical decision-making and implementation of the nursing process for
psychiatric/mental health clients. (PO 4)
(CO 5) Utilize available resources to meet self-identified goals for personal, professional, and educational
development appropriate to the mental health setting. (PO 5)
(CO 7) Examine moral, ethical, legal, and professional standards and principles as a basis for clinical decision-making.
(PO 6)
(CO 9) Utilize research findings as a basis for the development of a group leadership experience. (PO 8)
Due date: Your faculty member will inform you when this assignment is due. The Late Assignment Policy applies to
this assignment.
Total points possible: 100 points
Preparing the assignment
1) Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment. Speak with your faculty member if you have questions.
a. Select a scholarly nursing or research article, published within the last five years, related to mental health
nursing. The content of the article must relate to evidence-based practice.
• You may need to evaluate several articles to find one that is appropriate.
b. Ensure that no other member of your clinical group chooses the same article, then submit your choice for
faculty approval.
c. The submitted assignment should be 2-3 pages in length, excluding the title and reference pages.
2) Include the following sections (detailed criteria listed below and in the Grading Rubric must match exactly).
a. Introduction (10 points/10%)
• Establishes purpose of the paper
• Captures attention of the reader
b. Article Summary (30 points/30%)
• Statistics to support significance of the topic to mental health care
• Key points of the article
• Key evidence presented
• Examples of how the evidence can be incorporated into your nursing practice
c. Article Critique (30 points/30%)
• Present strengths of the article
• Present weaknesses of the article
• Discuss if you would/would not recommend this article to a colleague
d. Conclusion (15 points/15%)
• Provides analysis or synthesis of information within the body of the text
• Supported by ides presented in the body of the paper
• Is clearly written
e. Article Selection and Approval (5 points/5%)
• Current (published in last 5 years)
• Relevant to mental health care
• Not used by another student within the clinical group
• Submitted and approved as directed by instructor
f. APA format and Writing Mechanics (10 points/10%)
2
NR326 Mental Health Nursing
RUA: Scholarly Article Review Guidelines
NR326 RUA Scholarly Article Review Guideline 2
• Correct use of standard Eng
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